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Simulation - Wikipedia
A simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. Often, computers are used to execute the simulation.
Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance tuning or optimizing, safety engineeringtestingtrainingeducation[2] and video games. Simulation is also used with scientific modelling of natural systems [2] or human systems to gain insight into their functioning, what computer controls the forex market, [3] as in economics.
Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist.
Key issues in modeling and simulation include the acquisition of valid sources of information about the relevant selection of key characteristics and behaviors used to build the model, the use of simplifying approximations and assumptions within the model, and fidelity and validity of the simulation outcomes. Procedures and protocols for model verification and validation are an ongoing field of academic study, refinement, research and development in simulations technology or practice, particularly in the work of computer simulation.
Historically, simulations used in different fields developed largely independently, but 20th-century studies of systems theory and cybernetics combined with spreading use of computers across all those fields have led to some unification and a more systematic view of the concept.
Physical simulation refers to simulation in which physical objects are substituted for the real thing some circles [5] use the term for computer simulations modelling selected laws of physicsbut this article does not.
These physical objects are often chosen because they are smaller or cheaper than the actual object or system. What computer controls the forex market simulation is a special kind of physical simulation, often referred to as a human-in-the-loop simulation, in which physical simulations include human operators, such as in a flight simulatorsailing simulatoror driving simulator.
Continuous simulation is a simulation based on continuous-time rather than discrete-time steps, using numerical integration of differential equations. Discrete-event simulation studies systems whose states change their values only at discrete times. Stochastic simulation is a simulation where some variable or process is subject to random variations and is projected using Monte Carlo techniques using pseudo-random numbers.
Thus replicated runs with the same boundary conditions will each produce different results within a specific confidence band. Deterministic simulation is a simulation which is not stochastic: thus the variables are regulated by deterministic algorithms. So replicated runs from the same boundary conditions always produce identical results. Hybrid simulation or combined simulation corresponds to a mix between continuous and discrete event simulation and results in integrating numerically the differential equations between two sequential events to reduce the number of discontinuities.
multi-users operating different systems, or distributed data sets ; a classical example is Distributed Interactive Simulation DIS. Parallel simulation speeds up a simulation's execution by concurrently distributing its workload over multiple processors, as in High-Performance Computing.
Interoperable simulation is where multiple models, simulators often defined as federates interoperate locally, distributed over a network; a classical example is High-Level Architecture. Modeling and simulation as a service is where simulation is accessed as a service over the web.
Modeling, interoperable simulation and serious games is where serious game approaches e. game engines and engagement methods are integrated with interoperable simulation.
Simulation fidelity is used to describe the accuracy of a simulation and how closely it imitates the real-life counterpart. Fidelity is broadly classified as one of three categories: low, medium, and high. Specific descriptions of fidelity levels are subject to interpretation, but the following generalizations can be made:. A synthetic environment is a computer simulation that can be included in human-in-the-loop simulations. This can be the best and fastest method to identify the failure cause, what computer controls the forex market.
A computer simulation or "sim" is an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works. By changing variables in the simulation, predictions may be made about the behaviour of the system. It is a tool to virtually investigate the behaviour of the system under study. Computer simulation has become a useful part of modeling many natural systems in physicschemistry and biology[18] and human systems in economics and social science e.
A good example of the usefulness of using computers to simulate can be found in the field of network traffic simulation. In such simulations, the model behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment.
Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical modelwhich attempts to find analytical solutions enabling the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulation is often used as an adjunct to, or substitution for, modeling systems for which simple closed form analytic solutions are not possible. There are many different types of computer simulation, the common feature they all share is the attempt to generate a sample of representative scenarios for a model in which a complete enumeration of what computer controls the forex market possible states would be prohibitive or impossible.
Several software packages exist for running computer-based simulation modeling e. Monte Carlo simulation, stochastic modelingmultimethod modeling that makes all the modeling almost effortless. Modern usage of the term "computer simulation" may encompass virtually any computer-based representation. In computer sciencesimulation has some specialized meanings: Alan Turing used the term simulation to refer to what happens when a universal machine executes a state transition table in modern terminology, a computer runs a program that describes the state transitions, inputs and outputs of a subject discrete-state machine.
Accordingly, in theoretical computer science the term simulation is a relation between state transition systemsuseful in the study of operational semantics. Less theoretically, an interesting application of computer simulation is to simulate computers using computers.
In computer architecturea type of simulator, typically called an emulatoris often used to execute a program that has to run on some inconvenient type of computer for example, a newly designed computer that has not yet been built or an obsolete computer that is no longer availableor in a tightly controlled testing environment see Computer architecture simulator and Platform virtualization.
For example, what computer controls the forex market, simulators have been used to debug a microprogram or sometimes commercial application programs, before the program is downloaded to the target machine. Since the operation of the computer is simulated, all of the information about the computer's operation is directly available to the programmer, and the speed and execution of the simulation can be varied at will.
Simulators may also be used to interpret fault treesor test VLSI logic designs before what computer controls the forex market are constructed. Symbolic simulation uses variables to stand for unknown values.
In the field of optimizationsimulations of physical processes are often used in conjunction with evolutionary computation to optimize control strategies. Simulation is extensively used for educational purposes. In such situations they will spend time learning valuable lessons in a "safe" virtual environment yet living a lifelike experience or at least it is the goal. Often the convenience is to permit mistakes during training for a safety-critical system.
Simulations in education are somewhat like training simulations. They focus on specific tasks. The term 'microworld' is used to refer to educational simulations which model some abstract concept rather than simulating a realistic object or environment, or in some cases model a real-world environment in a simplistic way so as to help a learner develop an understanding of the key concepts.
Normally, a user can create some sort of construction within the microworld that will behave in a way consistent with the concepts being modeled. Seymour Papert was one what computer controls the forex market the first to advocate the value of microworlds, and the Logo programming environment developed by Papert is one of the most well-known microworlds.
Project management simulation is increasingly used to train students and professionals in the art and science of project management. Using simulation for project management training improves learning retention and enhances the learning process. Social simulations may be used in social what computer controls the forex market classrooms to illustrate social and political processes in anthropology, economics, history, political science, or sociology courses, typically at the high school or university level.
These may, what computer controls the forex market, for example, take the form of civics simulations, in which participants assume roles in a simulated what computer controls the forex market, or international relations simulations in which participants engage in negotiations, alliance formation, what computer controls the forex market, trade, diplomacy, and the use of force.
Such simulations might be based on fictitious political systems, or be based on current or historical events. An example of the latter would be Barnard College 's Reacting to the Past series of historical educational games, what computer controls the forex market.
In recent years, there has been increasing use of social simulations what computer controls the forex market staff training in aid and development agencies. The Carana simulation, for example, was first developed by the United Nations Development Programmeand is now used in a very revised form by the World Bank for training staff to deal with fragile and conflict-affected countries.
Military uses for simulation often involve aircraft or armoured fighting vehicles, but can also target small arms and other weapon systems training. Specifically, virtual what computer controls the forex market ranges have become the norm in most military training processes and there is a significant amount of data to suggest this is a useful tool for armed professionals.
A virtual simulation is a category of simulation that utilizes simulation equipment to create a simulated world for the user. Virtual simulations allow users to interact with a virtual world. Virtual worlds operate on platforms of integrated software and hardware components. In this manner, the system can accept input from the user e, what computer controls the forex market.
There is a wide what computer controls the forex market of input hardware available to accept user input for virtual simulations. The following list briefly describes several of them:.
Research in future input systems holds a great deal of promise for virtual simulations. Systems such as brain—computer interfaces BCIs offer the ability to further increase the level of immersion for virtual simulation users.
Lee, what computer controls the forex market, Keinrath, Scherer, Bischof, Pfurtscheller [27] proved that naïve subjects could be trained to use a BCI to navigate a virtual apartment with relative ease. Using the BCI, the authors found that subjects were able to freely navigate the virtual environment with relatively minimal effort. It is possible that these types of systems will become standard input modalities in future virtual simulation systems. There is a wide variety of output hardware available to deliver a stimulus to users in virtual simulations.
Clinical healthcare simulators are increasingly being developed and deployed to teach therapeutic and diagnostic procedures as well as medical concepts and decision making to personnel in the health professions.
Simulators have been developed for training procedures ranging from the basics such what computer controls the forex market blood drawto laparoscopic surgery [29] and trauma care.
They are also important to help on prototyping new devices [30] for biomedical engineering problems. Currently, simulators are applied to research and develop tools for new therapies, [31] treatments [32] and early diagnosis [33] in medicine.
Many medical simulators involve what computer controls the forex market computer connected to a plastic simulation of the relevant anatomy. In other simulations, visual components of the procedure are reproduced by computer graphics techniques, while touch-based components are reproduced by haptic feedback devices combined with physical simulation routines computed in response to the user's actions.
Medical simulations of this sort will often use 3D CT or MRI scans of patient data to enhance realism. Some medical simulations are developed to be widely distributed such as web-enabled simulations [34] and procedural simulations [35] that can be viewed via standard web browsers and can be interacted with using standard computer interfaces, such as the keyboard and mouse. An important medical application of a simulator—although, perhaps, denoting a slightly different meaning of simulator —is the use of a placebo drug, a formulation that simulates the active drug in trials of drug efficacy.
Patient safety is a concern in the medical industry. Patients have been known to suffer injuries and even death due to management error, and lack of using best standards of care and training.
According to Building a National Agenda for Simulation-Based Medical Education Eder-Van Hook, Jackie,"a health care provider's ability to react prudently in an unexpected situation is one of the most critical factors in creating a positive outcome in medical emergency, regardless of whether it occurs on the battlefield, freeway, or hospital emergency room.
Simulation is being used to study patient safety, as well as train medical professionals. Groves et al. However, what computer controls the forex market, the value of simulation interventions to translating to clinical practice are is still debatable. There is also what computer controls the forex market evidence that procedural simulation improves actual operational performance in clinical settings.
One of the largest factors that might impact the ability to have training impact the work of practitioners at the bedside is the ability to empower frontline staff Stewart, Manges, Ward, This training consists of 20 minutes of simulated training just before workers report to shift.
Forex Trading for Beginners
, time: 8:39FOREX-Dollar hits 9-month high as Fed on track to taper this year
19/08/ · The dollar index, which measures the U.S. currency against six rivals, climbed as high as , its strongest since Nov. 5, before trading % higher at In minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee's July meeting released on Wednesday, Fed officials saw the potential to ease bond-buying stimulus this year if the economy continues to improve as expected, although the Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume. This type of trading attempts to leverage the speed and computational resources of computers relative to human traders. In the twenty-first century, algorithmic trading has been gaining traction with both retail and institutional traders A simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. Simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents the evolution of the model over blogger.com, computers are used to execute the simulation
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